DOI:	http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5r62-9pqy-0nel-tlpa<Go
Electronic Resources:	to ISI>://WOS:000239498300003
Type:	Journal Article
Title:	Early life stress and adult emotional experience: An international perspective
Other Titles:	International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
Authors:	Sweet, L Gunstad, J Hitsman, B. L McCaffery, J Niaura, R Gordon, E Bryant, R. A MacFarlane, A Cohen, R. A Paul, R. H Stroud, L
Year:	2006
Citation:	No 1 Vol.: 36
Notes:	Early life stress (ELS) has been linked to adult psychopathology, though few studies have examined the universality of specific adverse childhood events (ACEs) in healthy adults. We examined the co-occurrence of specific ACEs and their relationship to current emotional distress in an international sample of adults without psychopathology. Participants were 1659 men and women recruited for an international neurocognitive-neuroimaging database from sites in the United States, Australia, England, and the Netherlands. Participants had no current or prior diagnosis of major depression, anxiety, substance abuse, or neurological brain disorder. The occurrence and age on onset of 19 ACEs was assessed by a self-report questionnaire (ELSQ), and current symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). The relationship of specific ACEs to DASS symptoms was examined. Participants reported relatively high prevalence of ACEs. Only 27.6% of the sample reported no ACEs, while 39.5% reported one or two significant experiences and 32.9% reported more than two ACEs. Rates of most ACEs were quite similar across the three continents. Various ACEs were significantly associated with current DASS severity, particularly ACEs involving emotional abuse, neglect, and family conflict, violence, and breakup. Finding nearly one-third of the sample reported three or more ACEs suggest a high prevalence of ELS in otherwise healthy "normal" adults around the world. Associations between ELS and current emotional distress suggest that these events have functional relevance and deserve further investigation. Electronic Resource Number: 10.2190/5r62-9pqy-0nel-tlpa Times Cited: 26Cited References: Anda RF, 1999, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V282, P1652, DOI 10.1001/jama.282.17.1652 Anda RF, 2002, PSYCHIATR SERV, V53, P1001, DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.1001 Ansorge MS, 2004, SCIENCE, V306, P879, DOI 10.1126/science.1101678 Arborelius L, 2004, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, V176, P248, DOI 10.1007/s00213-004-1883-x Baud P, 2005, AM J MED GENET C, V133C, P34, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.c.30044 Beautrais AL, 2000, AUST NZ J PSYCHIAT, V34, P420, DOI 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00691.x Bebbington PE, 2004, BRIT J PSYCHIAT, V185, P220, DOI 10.1192/bjp.185.3.220 Bell IR, 1998, J WOMENS HEALTH, V7, P1135, DOI 10.1089/jwh.1998.7.1135 Belli Keith L., 1998, Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, V22, P7 Bonanno GA, 2004, AM PSYCHOL, V59, P20, DOI 10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20 Briere J, 2003, CHILD ABUSE NEGLECT, V27, P1205, DOI 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008 Carpenter LL, 2004, NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL, V29, P777, DOI 10.1038/sj.npp.1300375 Charmandari E, 2005, ANNU REV PHYSIOL, V67, P259, DOI 10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816 Cicchetti D, 2004, AM PSYCHOL, V59, P731, DOI 10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.731 Clark DB, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P1744, DOI 10.1097/00004583-199712000-00023 Coplan JD, 1996, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V93, P1619, DOI 10.1073/pnas.93.4.1619 De Bellis MD, 2001, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V13, P539, DOI 10.1017/S0954579401003078 Dong MX, 2004, CHILD ABUSE NEGLECT, V28, P771, DOI 10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008 Dube SR, 2001, CHILD ABUSE NEGLECT, V25, P1627, DOI 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00293-9 Edwards VJ, 2003, AM J PSYCHIAT, V160, P1453, DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1453 Fergusson DM, 2000, PSYCHOL MED, V30, P23, DOI 10.1017/S003329179900135X Fonagy P, 2000, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V12, P407, DOI 10.1017/S0954579400003084 Friedman S, 2002, J ANXIETY DISORD, V16, P259, DOI 10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00097-X GAUTHIER Y, 1991, PSYCHIAT ENFANT, V34, P5 Gearon JS, 2003, PSYCHIAT SERV, V54, P523, DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.54.4.523 Gordon E, 2005, CLIN EEG NEUROSCI, V36, P64 Gordon E, 2003, NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL, V28, pS2, DOI 10.1038/sj.npp.1300136 GORMAN J, 2002, SEMINARS CLIN NEUROP, V2, P96 Harrison PA, 1997, CHILD ABUSE NEGLECT, V21, P529, DOI 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00013-6 Heim C, 2000, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V284, P592, DOI 10.1001/jama.284.5.592 Heim C, 2001, AM J PSYCHIAT, V158, P575, DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.575 Heim C, 2002, DEPRESS ANXIETY, V15, P117, DOI 10.1002/da.10015 Heim C, 2001, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V49, P1023, DOI 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01157-X Henry JD, 2005, BRIT J CLIN PSYCHOL, V44, P227, DOI 10.1348/014466505X29657 Hickie IB, 2001, MED J AUSTRALIA, V175, pS4 Hickie IB, 2001, MED J AUSTRALIA, V175, pS10 Infrasca R, 2003, J AFFECT DISORDERS, V76, P103, DOI 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00076-9 KRUEGER DW, 1983, AM J PSYCHOTHER, V37, P582 LOVIBOND PF, 1995, BEHAV RES THER, V33, P335, DOI 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U Lovibond PF, 1998, J ABNORM PSYCHOL, V107, P520, DOI 10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.520 Maslova LN, 2002, PHYSIOL BEHAV, V75, P217, DOI 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00648-5 Massie H, 2002, INT J PSYCHOANAL, V83, P35 McBeth J, 2001, J RHEUMATOL, V28, P2305 [cut]
URI:	https://anrows.intersearch.com.au/anrowsjspui/handle/1/14484
ISSN:	912174
Physical description:	Pages 35-52
Appears in Collections:	Journal Articles

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